# Project 0: Cellular Automata

This is just a warmup exercise to make sure you can write some code, compile, run, and submit things.

## Cellular Automata

In physics, you have a state of the universe and you have some rules to update the state. In classical physics, the rules are always local (even in E&M, you can write things in terms of local fields).

If your goal is to write down a model which captures these simple principles, cellular automata are the simplest way to do this. In cellular automata you have a bunch of grid points (say on a square or a honeycomb) and you have some local rules to update these cells.

## Lattice Gas Automata

In a lattice gas automata, you have two colors (black and white). You can treat the black color as the gas and the white color as empty space.

Our state, then, is going to be where the gas and empty space is.

The rule then is:

• randomly select a site.
• randomly select a neighbor.
• swap the site and the neighbor (even if they are the same color).

You should use open boundary conditions (i.e. the top and the bottom don't wrap). You have to be a bit careful about the boundaries. You don't want to access memory not in your array.
Write a C++ code that does this and prints out snapshots configurations every so often. Work on a 100 x 100 lattice.

To store your state a good option is
vector<vector<int > > state;

which you can then intialize like

state.resize(100);
for (int i=0;i<state.size();i++){
state[i].resize(100);
// This below sets it all to zero.
// You might want to do something fancier
// to initialize half black and half white.
std::fill(state[i].begin(), state[i].end(), 0);
}

which you can then access like state[i][j];

Random Numbers
For random numbers you want to use the C++11 random numbers. Take a look at this stack exchange article. Concerning that article, the general rule is:

Call these once per program

std::random_device rd;
std::mt19937 mt(rd());

Call this once or many times (it's cheap and doesn't reset the randomness):

std::uniform_real_distribution<double> dist(1.0, 10.0);

and then use

dist(mt)

to actually get the random numbers.

You will need to be including #include <random> and compiling with c++11 on (i.e. -std=c++11).

#### Entropy

Entropy is essentially a measure of how "random" a state is. The more random a state, the more entropy it should have. A state where the "gas" is randomly placed is going to have the highest entropy.
There ae various ways then of measuring entropy. One approach is to take a configuration and ask how easy it is to compress it. If it compresses effeciently then it has low entropy. If it's completely "random"
then it's hard to compress and have high entropy. After you've produced configurations in C++, go ahead and load the configuration using python, compress the state, and measure its size as a function of time. This will be our heurestic for the entropy of the state (if a state is very disordered, it should be hard to describe compactly) You can use

import gzip
gzip.compress(bytes(a,'utf-8'))

where a is a long string.

Run your automata long enough to see it equilbrate. Graph as a function of sweeps (where each sweep is 100 x 100 steps).

To produce this graph I'm using pylab. Please make sure you label your axis. To produce the snapshots you probably want to use something like pylab.matshow(myArray).